Early Understanding of HIV and Syphilis :: essays research papers fc

Over the most recent couple of long stretches of class we have taken a gander at a few unique instances of malady flare-ups all through the world, and how various societies have different understandings of these episodes. Of the ailments we have examined, I feel that the HIV and Syphilis episodes stand separated from the others due to their monstrous contaminations in a wide range of societies and parts of the world, and furthermore because of the way that the sicknesses can't be restored, alongside the tragically high pace of death among its casualties.      When the episodes of syphilis and HIV initially got present, science at the time couldn't concoct an unmistakable reason for the ailments. Individuals seeing the sicknesses, be that as it may, rushed to dole out their own motivation. Lamentably, most set out to accuse African Americans. While Syphilis may have been acquainted with the western universes by slave exchange as indicated by Philip D. Curtin, wasteful proof is available to call this reality, and most accuse when these illnesses originally became present were totally racially based. This visually impaired bias prompted a very restricted comprehension of the ailments. Many felt the maladies were so racially explicit that whites were totally insusceptible to the pestilences. Some even felt that Blacks became tainted in light of the fact that they were second rate unchristian creatures, and as being in this way, they were being rebuffed by god. (PBS/NOVA â€Å"The Deadly Deception†) As an impact of this r ationale, a lot increasingly succumbed to the disorders, rejecting treatment because of these convictions. This racial disposition of the time likewise seriously prevented the revelation of the genuine reasons for HIV and Syphilis.      Many years after the fact, and after an extremely enormous movement in clinical exploration, researchers have at last went to an away from on the reasons for these ailments. It is currently evident that there are three primary driver to a HIV or Syphilis contamination. A casualty may get tainted through blood transfusions or sexual contact with another, or the maladies might be conveyed from a mother to her youngster. These ends shift incredibly based on what was first idea as the reason for the scourges. The off base causes at first found by those in early occasions doubtlessly depended on an absence of information in the territories of sterile blood transfusions, safe sex, and the amazingly bigot demeanor of the time. This absence of information can be found in what the infections previously got known as: â€Å"Bad Blood† (CDC).

Effects of War Presented in Journey’s End Compared with Impact of War Shown in Strange Meeting Essay

Investigate the manners by which the impacts of war on the individual are introduced in ‘Journey’s End’. At that point look at the manners by which Sherriff presents the impacts of war on the person with the manners by which Hill shows the effect of war on characters in ‘Strange Meeting’. The character most clearly influenced by the war in ‘Journey’s End’ is Stanhope. We learn at an opportune time in the play that Stanhope drinks intensely when Osborne and Hardy have a discussion about him. â€Å"I never saw a youth set aside the whisky he does. This is the primary we see of the impacts that the war has had on an individual and despite the fact that there are different characters that are additionally influenced, Stanhope gives off an impression of being the most conspicuous. It becomes clear that Stanhope settled on a cognizant choice to drink as a way of dealing with stress to manage the war. â€Å"It was after I returned here-in that terrible undertaking on Vimy Ridge. I knew I’d go distraught on the off chance that I didn’t break the strain. I couldn’t bear being completely cognizant all the time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Here we discover that it wasn’t until a specific assault inside the war that Stanhope started to feel the strain and the weight, and liquor turns into a departure for him. He says â€Å"There are just two different ways of breaking the strain. One was imagining I was sick and returning home; the other was this. [He holds up his glass]†. Sherriff could have indicated us a minor character so profoundly influenced by liquor that he had surrendered, though Stanhope shows up an incredible inverse, while in ‘Strange Meeting’ Hill gives us a minor character influenced by liquor. It is additionally significant Raleigh’s response to his liquor addiction is totally unique to how Stanhope fears he will respond, and as it were, our response as well. Instead of look to Stanhope as a frail man who has taken the simple course by drinking over the top sums, we appear to see him as fearless and solid willed. We later realize when he is conversing with Hibbert, that Stanhope isn’t as solid and safe as we were initially persuaded. â€Å"Sometimes I believe I could simply rests on this bed and imagine I was incapacitated or something-and couldn’t move-and simply lie there till I kicked the bucket or was hauled away†. The impacts of war on Stanhope are introduced both unobtrusively and clearly. His drinking propensities are persistently alluded to all through and despite the fact that we learn right off the bat that it is something that the war has constrained him into, his scorn for the war or his frail minutes aren’t clarified to the peruser as of not long ago when he concedes his hating to Hibbert. Hill’s character, Colonel Garrett in ‘Strange Meeting’ is like Stanhope as in the two characters are headed to unreasonable drinking by the impacts of the war. Colonel Garrett has changed and furthermore went to drink, we know this as the exposition peruses that â€Å"Hilliard was dismayed; he had not envisioned this could occur thus rapidly to a man like Garrett†. In spite of this scene being the first occasion when we are acquainted with Colonel Garrett; Hill figures out how to introduce the effect the war has had on him through Hilliard’s response to Garrett’s new condition of character. As opposed to Hill, Sheriff is more obvious in his introduction of Stanhope and the character himself concedes his change. It is fascinating to take note of that Garrett is minor inside the novel while Stanhope is a significant character in the play which shows the various manners by which each creator decided to introduce the impact of liquor inside their content. Toward the start of the play, Raleigh has all the earmarks of being hopeful and energetic. In any event, when he is requested to go on a strike he appears to be pleased to have been picked and anxious to get out there; â€Å"I state it’s most horrendously energizing! † be that as it may, this assault at that point triggers an adjustment in Raleigh. After Osborne’s passing, Raleigh gets inaccessible and angry towards different officials. â€Å"Good god! Don’t you get it? How might I plunk down and eat that-when-when Osborne’s-lying-out there†. In addition to the fact that he is battling to adapt and raising his voice; which he hadn’t done previously, yet he is likewise yelling at Stanhope. Preceding this, Raleigh had consistently treated Stanhope with the most extreme regard. Like Sheriff’s character of Raleigh is Hill’s character of Barton in ‘Strange Meeting’ who likewise changes after the effect of encountering a passing. â€Å"That his face had changed, over the course of about a day and a night that his eyes have assumed the normal look of stun and hopelessness and exhaustion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As with Raleigh in ‘Journey’s End’, Barton additionally started the novel loaded with idealism and vitality. In any case, Sheriff presents the impacts of the war on Raleigh by having his character lashing out and accusing others. This appears differently in relation to Hill’s introduction of Barton, who takes on an increasingly dour, sad method of adapting. â€Å"You can't and should not invest any more energy accusing yourself, saying if just this and if just that. It’s useless†. In any case, the equal is that the two characters change because of another soldier’s passing which influences the effect on the peruser. The impact of the war on Hibbert (Journey’s end), another official in the organization, is right off the bat introduced unobtrusively, in the way that he talks about his neuralgia keeping him from carrying on in the war. We before long discover that he needs to return home and is happy to concoct any rationalization so as to do as such. This shows how the war has removed his pride and respect as he concedes that he would prefer to kick the bucket. â€Å"Go on, at that point, shoot! You won’t let me go to clinic. I swear I’ll never go into those channels again. Shoot! †and thank god-â€Å". The war has influenced Hibbert so profoundly that he is set up to kick the bucket as opposed to keep battling. The character, Harris in ‘Strange Meeting’ is fundamentally the same as Hibbert. Harris has a breakdown when their brigade shows up at ‘Feuvry’; â€Å"Then Harris staggered up, and advances, his head contacted his knees and he started to cry, not lifting his hands to wipe his face†. Nonetheless, where Sheriff presents us with a man so urgent to leave that he is eager to lie about an ailment and is set up to pass on instead of proceed in the war, Hill presents us with an unexpected circumstance. The incongruity of the circumstance is that when Harris in the long run comes out of the storm cellar; he is executed. The two scholars decide to give us people so influenced by the war that they really experience the ill effects of a breakdown somehow. Coulter from ‘Strange Meeting’ and Trotter from ‘Journey’s End’ can likewise be thought about. These two characters are comparative in the manner that they don’t appear to have been influenced by the war as they give no indications of degeneration. These two characters are a significant differentiation to any semblance of Barton and Stanhope, whose changes are very self-evident. I feel that not to have changed eminently is their reaction to the war. Coulter and Trotter both have all the earmarks of being remaining as near to their typical, unique selves as conceivable as a method for dealing with stress for the war. It is intriguing to take note of the class contrast between the two writings. Peculiar Meeting’ being a novel implies that there is undeniably progressively steady foundation and distinct content for each character while ‘Journey’s End’ which is a play, must depend on emotional experience so as to exhibit the advancement of a character. A great deal of things which Hill would let us know in her composition must be transferred to the peruser through exchange or activities in the play. Slope could disclose to us that Barton went to the war energized and excited, while Sherriff would either have his character say how he felt or the stage bearings would need to explore the on-screen character into getting this inclination across through activities. This makes each author’s introduction of the impacts of the war on the individual distinctive consequently. Slope and Sherriff both present the impacts that the war has on people through comparative characters. They present to the peruser how the demise and annihilation inside the war can influence even the most solid and positive of men. In both the novel and the play, the creators depict how a few men can't adapt to the advent of what is to come and along these lines would prefer to do anything besides manage it. The two essayists analyze how war can drive men into drinking unnecessarily so as to get away from the urgent truth of their circumstance and utilize comparative characters to feature the manners by which war influences people, anyway the thing that matters is standing out that the progressions are introduced. Slope is frequently progressively unpretentious in her introduction of her characters though Sherriff increasingly gruff. In spite of these distinctions, the negative impacts of war on the individual characters are steady in the two works.

Columbus City Schools

Columbus City Schools Free Online Research Papers Columbus City Schools is earlier known as Columbus Public Schools. It is the official school region for the city of Columbus, Ohio and is one of the most dynamic urban areas in the country. Columbus City Schools is the second biggest school area in Ohio. CCS has around 56,000 understudies selected, which likens to the majority of the citys families. (2008) The area has been perceived with numerous distinctions. Columbus City Schools utilizes roughly 4,800 instructors and 330 overseers. (2008) The area offers an extremely serious compensation and support agreement. Notwithstanding the advantages, CCS empowers ensured representatives to continue with their instruction at no expense because of charge waiver programs at the citys territory schools and colleges. (2008) Columbus City Schools as of late actualized the Kronos Workforce Management System which has had a solid effect on the association. The Kronos, which is a workforce the executives programming also called a period clock. (2003-2008)Kronos has been actualized inside the locale to help improve understudy results through productive workforce the board. The region has a dream that if workers are preferable overseen over they will convey unrivaled understudy instruction. The locale top administration accepts numerous components add to magnificent understudy results. Among these components are: (1) High performing educators and staff; (2) Minimal authoritative costs; (3) Sufficient assets for study halls; (4) Efficient locale activities. All together for these components to create the positive understudy results, a powerful workforce the board is what is required. (2003-2008) The Kronos frameworks is assume to furnish our region with a complete workforce the executives arrangement that empowers the sparing of work dollars and boosting instruction assets. (2003-2008) The frameworks ought to likewise do the accompanying; (1) increment finances accessible for training understudies; (2) pay instructors and staff precisely and on schedule; (3) oversee locale activities viably and effectively; (4) upgrade consistence with work laws and aggregate bartering units; (5) Improve educator consistency and school bolster administrations; (6) augment utilization of award dollars. The defeat of this executed change is that the Kronos framework won't be used by all representatives of the locale however just the hourly workers, which is causes explanation behind opposition. (2003-2008) The Kronos framework was simply as of late actualized so as of recently back, representatives werent worried about the tight administration of their work hours which is another motivation to oppose this extraordinary and brief change. Representatives have exhibited aloof obstruction toward this change. Side effects showed by representatives incorporate delaying or dawdling on completely executing the Kronos, faking obliviousness to the extent making sure to use the time clock, and permitting change to flop by again not utilizing the time clock appropriately. Columbus City Schools could have forestalled the protection from this change by teaching and imparting this change to its representatives before definitely springing this change onto them in the fog of the ball rolling. The locale could have likewise invited input from the workers or if nothing else center administration. The main anticipation would have been to similarly execute this change over the entire area to influence each worker and not only a select gathering. I would upgrade the associations capacity to beat protection from change by actualizing a situational approach, for example, Kotter and Schlesinger s Methods for Managing Resistance to Change. (2006) This methodology incorporate six techniques for forestalling or overseeing obstruction: (1) Education and correspondence; (2) Participation and contribution; (3) Facilitation and backing; (4) Negotiation and understanding; (5) Manipulation and cooptation; (6) Explicit and certain pressure. (Kotter, J 1996) I pick this methodology since I figure the usage of progress ought to continue through every one of these six techniques. I figure the workers ought to be instructed on the change and furnished with the vital data in regards to the change and its belongings. To guarantee that the representatives arent opposing, they ought to be engaged with the change procedure. For those representatives still safe because of vulnerability, there ought to be assets given. For real as well as potential resistors, there should motivators advertised. As last retreats, control and pressure ought to be utilized. Offering the specific utilization of data and jobs in the change procedure ought to be utilized before really undermining with unwanted outcomes. (2006) I would execute every one of Kotters eight stage change model by utilizing the accompanying advances (Kotter, J 1996): (1) Increasing criticalness â€There would should be a desire to move quickly made around the requirement for change with the expectation that it will start the underlying inspiration to get things going. So as to do this, I should make an open a legit and persuading exchange about whats occurring inside the association, offer dynamic and persuading motivations to get individuals talking and thinking. Potential dangers ought to be recognized and situations created demonstrating what could occur later on. I would likewise demand support from top administration, board individuals, and the network to fortify my contention. Kotters model recommend that â€Å"for change to be effective, 75% of a companys the board needs to become tied up with the change.†(Kotter, J 1996) at the end of the day, I would truly need to buckle down on stage one by investing critical t ime and vitality building criticalness. before moving onto the subsequent stages. I dont need to act to quick since I could be hazard encountering momentary misfortunes. (2) Building the controlling group †In request to frame a ground-breaking alliance, I would need to persuade individuals that change is vital. An amazing alliance typically incorporates solid administration and noticeable help from key individuals inside the association. My alliance would be contained compelling individuals whose force originates from an assortment of sources, including work title, status, skill, and political significance. After the group is framed, we will at that point fill in as a group, proceeding to gather earnestness and speed around the requirement for change. (Kotter, J 1996) (3) Get the vision right †A reasonable vision can assist everybody with understanding why youre requesting that they accomplish something. At the point when individuals see with their own eyes what youre attempting to accomplish, at that point the mandates theyre offered will in general bode well. What I could do to get the vision right, is decide the qualities that are key to the change. I would likewise need to make a composed vision that catches what I see as the eventual fate of the association. (Rose, 2002) More critically, a system on the most proficient method to execute the vision would should be made. (Kotter, J 1996) (4) Communicate for purchase in †My vision will more than likely have solid rivalry from other everyday interchanges inside the organization, so I should impart the vision much of the time and intensely, and install it inside everything that you do. At the point when I keep the vision new on everyones minds, theyll recollect it and react to it. A decent practice to have is to exhibit the sort of conduct that I need from others. (Kotter, J 1996) (5) Remove Obstacles †Removing deterrents will enable the individuals I have to execute the associations vision and help the change push ahead. I will likewise recognize change pioneers whose fundamental jobs are to convey the change. I will assess the authoritative structure, sets of expectations, and execution and pay frameworks to guarantee theyre in accordance with your vision. (Rose, 2002) Recognize and prize individuals for getting change going. I have to set up a structure for change, and constantly check for boundaries to it. Distinguish individuals who are opposing the change, and assist them with seeing whats required. (Kotter, J 1996) (6) Create transient successes †I should offer my organization early triumphs since nothing spurs more than progress. Inside a brief timeframe outline, (for example, a 6 months or a year), I ought to have results that my staff can see improvement. Without this, pundits and negative scholars may hurt my advancement. I should make transient focuses on that are reachable. (Rose, 2002) There should be a careful investigation the potential advantages and disadvantages of the momentary targets in such a case that we dont prevail with an early objective, it could hurt the whole change activity. At long last, I should remunerate the individuals who help meet the momentary targets. (Kotter, J 1996) (7) Consolidate gains Kotter states â€Å"that many change ventures come up short since triumph is pronounced too early†. (Kotter, J 1996)Real change runs profound and speedy successes are just the start of what should be done to accomplish long haul change. Every achievement gives a chance to expand on what went right and distinguish what you can improve. I will set objectives to keep expanding on the force the association has accomplished up to this point. I will keep thoughts new by acquiring new change operators and pioneers for my change alliance. (Kotter, J 1996) (8) Make change stick To roll out any improvement stick, the change ought to turn out to be a piece of the center of my association. I should put forth persistent attempts to guarantee that the change is found in each part of my association. This exertion will help give the change a strong spot in my associations culture. Its likewise significant that my companys pioneers keep on supporting the change. On the off chance that I lose the help of these individuals, I may wind up back where I began. The pioneers should discuss progress each opportunity they get by recounting to examples of overcoming adversity about the change procedure, and rehash different stories that theyve heard. When employing and preparing new staff, I ought to incorporate the change goals and qualities. I ought to openly perceive key individuals from my unique change alliance and ensure their commitments are recollected. It is I

How To Use PSAT Scores To Create A Plan

HomeApplyCollege prepHow To Use PSAT Scores To Create A PlanThis page may contain affiliate links.Oct 30, 2019So, you received your PSAT results Now what do you do? And what do the results mean? For many students, receiving PSAT scores marks the official start of the college process. If your student is a sophomore thats great, as I always suggest starting the college process during the students sophomore year. If your student is a junior, know that it’s not too late, but now is the time! Make Plans for Taking the ACT or SAT Here are some steps regarding standardized testing that you can take to make the most of the time you have available no matter what year your student is in: Junior Year In High School NOW is the time to start the college process if your student is a junior. Receiving the PSAT results can give you a good idea of the competitiveness of colleges your student should consider visiting. Of course the students GPA is also a critical component but the standardized test score will provide you with the types of colleges you can and should consider (not including test optional schools, a full list of test optional schools can be found atwww.fairtest.org). Before we get into more detail regarding what the PSAT scores mean, Id like to share a couple of things that come from my 15 years of experience working with college-bound students: 1. If you are like most families your student didnt prepare for their PSAT, which is fine. Therefore, whatever score they received will hopefully and most likely not be their best score. Whether your student buys a book and studies on his/her own, uses one of the many online test prep services (free or paid), or works with a tutor and/test prep company, the added effort and work will most likely yield a higher result when they actually take the ACT or SAT for real. Also, this additional preparation should help their schoolwork, especially in math. There are other factors that may apply to and impact your students results, such as test anxiety and the student’s physical health at the time of the test. A common cold can impact the student’s ability to focus as they normally would on test day. Outside of those things you can typically expect a 10 to 100 point increase from the PSAT to the ACT/SAT on the Math and English sections, depending on the student. 2. I wouldnt suggest banking on those increases when considering colleges to visit until the improvement is seen and experienced. Adding more selective colleges to the students list after their scores increase is often much easier than going in the opposite direction. 3. When it comes to the math sections of standardized tests, Algebra 2 is often a key driver. If at the time of testing, your student has already completed an Algebra 2 course, they should have the math skills necessary to optimize their math results. If the student hasnt completed Algebra 2, the more they do to complete prior to testing, the better their results are likely to be. 4. Please dont forget the ACT test option. Many students take the PSAT and proceed assuming they will take the SAT in the future, without knowing if that is even the right test for them. If you havent already, now that you have the PSAT results, have your student take a full practice ACT test either on their own or at a testing/tutoring center so you can compare the results, timing differences between the tests and the content assessed. Knowing what test is best for them will help them focus on that testing style to maximize results. Doing so will also help you be efficient monetarily (if you are investing in tutoring or online prep). It will also help with your students time, so they are not wasting it preparing for a test that is not best for them. Nowadays, all colleges will take either the ACT or SAT equally when it comes to admission consideration and in my opinion there is no reason to take both. Sophomore Year in High School If your student is a sophomore in high school, the same guidance stated above (Numbers 1-4) still applies. However, I typically suggest you wait until the end of their school year, May/June time frame, for them to take a practice SAT and ACT. At that time you can compare results, decide which test is best, and create a standardized testing plan for their junior year and see if there is potential for National Merit consideration. In either scenario, the score should give you some idea of where to focus relative to college visits and future applications. How To Understand PSAT Scores Scores get reported in percentiles and are typically listed with the raw score. This may give you some indication of how well your student performed; however, the numbers are national and may be skewed higher or lower depending on the geographic area you are in or even the high school your student attends. This may require some additional research on your part for clarification. It is important to check various data sources to see the ranges that are listed for the colleges you are considering.These sources include the specific college website,Collegeboard.org, Naviance or various books with listed standardized test score ranges for each college. Also remember that having scores in the range listed regardless of the source doesnt guarantee that the student is a good match for that college. I usually advise my clients that they want to be in the top 75th percentile of the published range to determine whether the school is a solid potential match for admission. There are many other factors for acceptance that can be discussed another time such as the application strategy you chose (Early Decision, Early Action, etc.) and the major the student chooses for each specific college, to share a few. However, this is a general gauge to ensure you are not spending time considering colleges that may be a significant reach for admission and also may be a financial reach since your students test scores may not place them at the higher end of the admission pool (and therefore money grants/scholarships may not apply). [PSAT vs. SAT: Whats The Difference?] Whats A Good PSAT Score? When it comes to the raw score, meaning the number(s) you see on their score sheet, the question most people ask is, What is a good score? Well, the answer is, it depends. It depends on the academic ability of the student and the colleges they are considering. It is best to remember, however, there are great colleges for every student at every GPA and standardized test score level. Please know that I have seen firsthand over the years, that test scores and the specific name or brand recognition of the college the student attends is no guarantee of future academic or career success. Success can be had at any school by any student! It is what they make of it. In general, though, once a student gets a 1200 or greater on the SAT (out of a maximum score of 1600 and regardless of the individual Math or English score), or a 26 or greater on the ACT (composite score out of a maximum of 36 regardless of the individual English, Reading, Math and Science scores) students will have more options and their potential list of colleges will broaden to include additional colleges. The important thing to know is whether your student is a sophomore or junior, and whether you have or havent started your students college process, receiving the PSAT scores should be the catalyst to starting the process or using the results to at least start creating a standardized testing plan. If used efficiently you can save time and money as well as minimize the stress that can sometimes accompany the college application and admission process. This may serve as one of the first steps in making the college process easy or easier. I wish you the best of luck!

My Father, Lieutenant Colonel Wayne Raab Essay - 1294 Words

My Light My grandfather, Lieutenant Colonel Wayne Raab, served in the US Air Force for 27 years. He married the love of his life, Marie Raab, on November 12, 1961. They had one child together, my mom. After my grandpa retired from the Air Force he worked at a paper making company in Sumter, South Carolina. Instead of having flowers in the middle of the dining room table there would be a beer bottle full of Sriracha Hot Chili Sauce. He would put that sauce on everything, he called it his â€Å"magic juice†. My grandparents had a fig tree in their backyard that my grandpa would give a splash of his â€Å"magic juice† to everyday because he said it gives the figs a little extra flavor when they are ripe. He brewed his own beer out of a shed in his backyard. And in 2010 he was diagnosed with Parkinson s Disease. I was only 12 years old when we first found out. My parents didn t really know how to tell me because they thought I was too young and wouldn t be able to understand. They did not want to scare me since I was so close with my grandpa. My grandpa was always the person I went to when I was feeling down because he was always happy and had a joke for every situation. My brother and I would visit every summer, for two weeks, and we would constantly go out and explore Columbia with him. We would go to the pool, hiking, the park, even going to the grocery store was always an adventure with him. There was never a dull moment when he was around, until we started seeing the devastating

The Insanity Of The German Nazi Leader Essay - 1259 Words

Allie Lawson Dawn Hagy Honors World History 7 December 2016 The Insanity of the German Nazi Leader During World War 2 the National Socialist German Workers Party, or Nazi, leader came into power and spread his ideology: his name was Adolf Hitler. At the time, there were so many people that praised him and what he stood for. On the other hand, the majority of the world saw the cruel things that he did to the Jewish people. Those people refer to his as insane because of the fact that he had no remorse for the actions that he was doing. He saw only one type of German people and he would not accept anything else. During and after Hilters reign psychologists, doctors, researchers, and others tried to figure out his mindset. They tried to justify how someone could be so cruel to people of his country when the people had done nothing wrong to him. The psychopathology of Adolf Hitler has sparked the interest of various amounts of people. His mental, physical, and emotional illnesses are contributing factors that drove him to be so inhumane. On April 20, 1889 the world welcomed an innocent child that would soon grow up to be the most feared man by the Jewish people. At a young age he showed intelligence and was fairly liked by most. Hitlers dad was supposedly physically and emotionally abusive towards him.(Koonz) His dad was not home often and he had many illegitimate children by various women. He would receive beatings from his father after he retired and was home more often. ItShow MoreRelatedFriedrich Nietzsche: One of the Greatest Thinkers of All Time1613 Words   |  7 Pagesto be published in many of his works during his career. When Nietzsche was five, his father died insane and the death of his two-year-old brother shortly followed. His fathers death has led many to speculate that the cause for Nietzsches future insanity was hereditary. 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Nazi Germany’s political and military ally in Europe was Italy. The Italians had been governed by a fascist regime under Benito Mussolini since 1925. The Italian fascism was the oldest of Nazism, Hitler himself acknowledged this. Even though all their similaritiesRead MoreThe Mentally Ill1679 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout history, human societies have had conflicting views on insanity and how it is defined in life. Primitive cultures found peace within shamans and witch doctors because they believed the insane were possessed by evil spirits. From then on, in Roman and Greek cultures, there was a somewhat progressive ideology that mental illness came from biological and emotional ailments. They believed in treating those with mental disorders humanely and respectfully which is an attitude that has beenRead MoreEssay on The History of Hitler and the Nazi Regime4399 Words   |  18 PagesThe History of Hitler and the Nazi Regime In the Second World War, a man named Adolph Hitler, the leader of the infamous Nazi regime, had a plethora of things on his mind. From guarding the stricken land of Poland against Soviet advancement, to making sure the western shores of the Atlantic Ocean in France were closely guarded, Hitler had much to worry about. Unfortunately, it was during Hitler’s reign when a most horrible atrocity took place. Adolph Hitler was born on April 20th, 1889 in aRead MoreAids Awareness By Larry Kramer Essay2041 Words   |  9 Pagesstriking similarities [i.e. homosexuality and being Jewish as disease or social other] Holocaust event because the people in power at the start of the epidemic ignored the biological/biomedical need of the victims while at the same time political leaders only acknowledged the environmental causes and not the biological. In this paper, I will discuss the ways the Holocaust, driven by deliberate biological purposes to â€Å"purify a race† resulted in the genocide of Jews, prisoners of war, and gypsies. It

Are Prodigies Born or Made free essay sample

A child prodigy Is a person who shows his/her extraordinary ablest In early age. These children usually are very good at different things: however, especially their amazing skills in a certain area make them be prodigies. For example, Abigail Sin, a Singapore young pianist, is also very good at math. Nevertheless, she won in international math competition; Abigail is called a wunderkind because of her unusual musical talent. As other wonders, she discovered her talent at her early age. Afterwards, she constantly practiced playing Plano. Some people think that Ball ND other wunderkinds are born, while others argue that they are made. I agree with the latest viewpoints because of the reasons, such as results of American researches, prodigies opinions about this issue, and examples of wonders with deferent talents. It is not a guarantee that children with IIS above 140 will do something special in the future. Oliver James in his article Family under the microscope (2009) maintained about American researchers that studied four hundred children with high IIS. We will write a custom essay sample on Are Prodigies Born or Made? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their results were surprising.Those Intelligent kids did not do anything exceptional In their later life. Furthermore, some of them also did not get high marks on exams. The reason is their laziness or inability to develop own talents. Another eloquent testimony to my words is A. R. Senses book, Bias in Mental Testing, 1980, p. 1 13, which states, Beyond IQ 1 15, the IQ level becomes relatively unimportant in terms of ordinary occupational aspirations and criteria of success. Afterwards, the author explained that It is not significant whether a person have IQ up to 150 or IQ up to 180.A person will have achievements or not depends on his/her personality and character. Grady Towers also had his mathematical experiments. The results were unexpected: The very highest level of real world accomplishment is not made by those with the very highest level IIS. Those with the very highest level IIS tend to have real world achievements Just below the very highest levels. (Grady Towers, 1 999, IQ and real world success) Prodigies also said that they put a lot of time, investments, and forces to have such a high results. For example, Abigail Sin practiced Plano at least twenty-five hours per week.Julian Lager, who Is now twenty- five years old, remembered that from age of five she just woke up, eat, played guitar and then went to bed. She spent all the time for playing guitar. The other prodigy Rasa Thomas, who was very good at dancing, said that he had to spend a huge amount of time and millions of dollars to invest on his training. Geraldine Affair a great operatic artist, who was also called a prodigy, said that there are a lot of talented people with voices salary to her; however she made a success because worked very hard.Karri Small is the youngest surgeon, who by the age of seven performed his first operation. Afterwards, he was on the verge of discovering a cure for cancer. Karri Small said that he accomplished those things because read a lot ND had a habit of practicing and discovering new thing in medicine at least one hour per day. Only wonders know exactly about the way of getting their abilities. Most of them say that they were born with talents Like other people; however, they of my opponents will argue that there are some prodigies who born with their aptitudes. They may give an example of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart who composed by the age of five. However, my opponents cannot argue with me in aspect of his family background. His father Leopold Mozart was also a famous musician and composer. Knolling Mozart was born in the atmosphere of classical music. His father from his early age taught him playing piano. When Wolfgang showed his outstanding talents, Leopold gave up composing and spent all the time to teach his son not only music, but also languages and academic subjects.He did everything in his power in order to Improve Wolfgang skills. Unguent NCO Truing Son is another example of a prodigy No opens his talents thanks to his parents. By the years of three, Truing Son Matched how his parents were playing chess. Afterwards, he practiced everyday in order to become a genius in chess. Nobody knows what would happen to him if he did not grow up in a family where chess is a favorite game. Nevertheless, some people think that these wunderkinds was born with talents, it is a fact that they were born in families where their abilities could be improved.Furthermore, those parents make efforts in order to help their wonders. In conclusion, prodigies are people ho discovered their abilities in childhood. However, they would not have such a high achievements if did not worked constantly on self-improvement. This statement Nas proved by American researchers and psychologists, which concluded that high IQ does not guarantees big achievements in life. The vital factor is character and rationalist of a child. Furthermore, wonders also admitted that they spent all the time for practicing and developing their skills.

Maus by Art Spiegelman

There are many biographies and autobiographies that reveal the cruelty of the Holocaust and its destructive impact on a person. Art Spiegelman’s comic book Maus is probably the most unusual memoir that depicts the life of a person under the Nazi regime.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Maus by Art Spiegelman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author describes the life of his father Vladek Spiegelman before the Nazi occupation of Poland, during the Second World War, and the later influence of the Holocaust experiences on his personality. To some degree, this book is based on Vladek’s recollection and it can be used as a primary source for historians who study the Holocaust even despite that it is a graphic novel. Maus can be studied by historians because it eloquently demonstrates the cruelty and absurdity of racial ideology as well as its dehumanizing effects on a person. As a primary historical so urce this graphic book can be criticized for its use of animal images. For instance, Art Spiegelman depicts Jews as mice whereas Germans are portrayed as cats. Thus, one can argue that this book can be related to the Holocaust, but it lacks realism and objectivity that are necessary for a historical document. Nevertheless, this argument can be disputed. The use of animal images reflects the racial ideology of the Nazi Germany. By dividing people according to their racial or ethnic differences, this ideology forced people to be hostile to one another. To a great extent, they began to act as cats and mice. Moreover, ethnicity or race became the distinctive characteristic of a person. His or her individuality was completely disregarded by the regime. It should be noted that Art Spiegelman’s visual characters can be distinguished from one another only by their clothes. Overall, members of the same ethnic group look practically in the same way. This description reflects the princi ples of the Nazi ideology that emphasized nationality of a person, rather than his or her character traits. Despite animalistic descriptions, Art Spiegelman manages to render the horrors of the Holocaust, and its dehumanizing effects on people. The author shows how characters struggled to survive the Ghetto or in the concentration camps. This graphic book shows how people hid or foraged for food in order to sustain themselves in any way.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By showing their attempts to survive, Art Spiegelman demonstrates that people can be forced to behave like animals, especially when they are driven by fear. Additionally, by describing German atrocities aimed against the Jews, the author prompts people to think about cat-and-mouse play. For instance, Vladek recollects that his father was forced to cut off his beard by German soldiers (Spiegelman, 65). One shou ld bear in mind that there were many Nazis who chose to entertain themselves in such a cruel way. Again, this humiliation of a person resembles cat-and mouse game. Thus, readers can see that animalistic description of characters actually reflects the changes in their personality and the way in which their experiences dehumanized them. In the first chapters of the book, Art Spiegelman shows how Polish Jews perceived the danger coming from Nazis. In particular, one can mention their apprehension after seeing the Nazi flag and surfacing of different stories about the atrocities committed against the Jews (Spiegelman, 32). However, at the beginning, these stories were met with some disbelief. For instance, Vladek decides that his family should stay in Bielso, even though it was under the rule of the occupiers. Again, this decision was taken not only by Vladek but by many other people who believed that such cruelty could not be possible. Finally, this book demonstrates that the experienc es of the Holocaust did not fully end after the fall of the Nazi Germany. This event left many people crippled both physically and emotionally. Vladek, who survived the Holocaust, turned into a very callous person. For instance, he is unable to understand why his wide committed suicide or how to comfort his son who suffered from the loss of his mother. The main issue is that this lack of empathy can be the direct result of Vladek’s experiences in ghetto or in the camp. Most importantly, such psychological traumas could have been inflicted upon thousands of people. Overall, there are different in which one can approach this book. One can certainly regard it as an artistic or literary work that gives one of the most terrifying descriptions of the Holocaust. It produces a strong impression on the person by combining such media as text and image.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Maus by Art Spiegelman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, it also poses many thought-provoking questions, especially about the reasons that made ordinary people to commit atrocities against everyone whom they believed to be different. Yet, historians can also find it useful because from it they can learn more about the experiences of Jewish people, their perceptions of the Holocaust, and their attempts to survive. One should not assume that Maus is superior or inferior to other biographies and autobiographies written about the Holocaust. Its major difference is the choice of media and the use of symbols that have to be decoded by attentive viewers and readers. Works Cited Spiegelman, Art. The Complete Maus: A Survivor’s Tale. New York: Pantheon, 1996. Print. This essay on Maus by Art Spiegelman was written and submitted by user Zaniyah Campbell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Success

Success When we define at the word success, there are many meaning to it depending on how you look at it. But when we narrow it down, we can defined it as accomplishing a certain goal. Emerson defines the word success in a different way. He defines it as to finding the best in others. When we accomplish a certain goal or excel in something, we can say that you successfuly accomplished that or excelled it. When Emerson looks at the word Success he look's at it as finding the best in others or to appreciate the beauty. Emerson tries to look at life of other people and when one is Successful because of him that's when Emerson feels he is also successful. But Success to us is when we move up in our life by accomplishing a certain goal that we faced. So if that would have happen to someone else and Emerson would have taken a part, to him he have won the respect and goten successful. So people can have different meaning to the word success. We find it as overcoming and an obstacle that we have faced which made us successful. And while Emerson finds other people successful and the best in other he feels that he has defined what the word success is to him.... Free Essays on Success Free Essays on Success Success When we define at the word success, there are many meaning to it depending on how you look at it. But when we narrow it down, we can defined it as accomplishing a certain goal. Emerson defines the word success in a different way. He defines it as to finding the best in others. When we accomplish a certain goal or excel in something, we can say that you successfuly accomplished that or excelled it. When Emerson looks at the word Success he look's at it as finding the best in others or to appreciate the beauty. Emerson tries to look at life of other people and when one is Successful because of him that's when Emerson feels he is also successful. But Success to us is when we move up in our life by accomplishing a certain goal that we faced. So if that would have happen to someone else and Emerson would have taken a part, to him he have won the respect and goten successful. So people can have different meaning to the word success. We find it as overcoming and an obstacle that we have faced which made us successful. And while Emerson finds other people successful and the best in other he feels that he has defined what the word success is to him.... Free Essays on Success â€Å"Success is a journey, not a destination† (The Success). Webster's Dictionary describes success as a degree or measure of succeeding and a favorable or desired outcome. I disagree. A desired outcome? Success is a choice. You can sit around and desire success all day, or you can make it happen. â€Å"Some people dream of worthy accomplishments while others stay awake and do them† (Successories). It is your decision. Most people just let life happen to them, but there are few that decide what's going to happen to them in life. Those are the successful people. In my opinion, success is a choice, an accomplishment, a decision, a goal, a journey, a dream, and a victory. Success Magazine did a study on what people thought it meant to be successful, and 58% of the people answered â€Å"good health†. But, with good health alone and nothing else, could you truly be successful? It comes back to what is success? If you don't know what success is, how are you ever going to be successful? Success is for everyone. In "The Success Journey," by John C. Maxwell, he describes a successful person as: â€Å"The wealth of Bill Gates, the physique of Arnold Schwarzenegger (or Cindy Crawford), the intelligence of Albert Einstein, the athletic ability of Michael Jordan, the business prowess of Donald Trump, the social grace and poise of Jackie Kennedy, the imagination of Walt Disney, and the heart of Mother Teresa.† Perfect! A great example of success is Donald Trump, â€Å"a very goal-driven person†. Trump has accomplished more goals than most people even dream of. As far as the future goes, he said â€Å"Anyone who thinks my story is near over is sadly mistaken.† Trump’s goals are never-ending; as soon as one is accomplished he already has another one waiting to be attacked. He is an entrepreneur, and not only that but one of the most successful ones in the business world today. But success comes with failure. If you make a goa... Free Essays on Success Success Most people think of success as getting rich or having a loving wife. But not all people think like that. Some people don’t need to be rich to be successful, because they do something that other people see as memorable. When you think of success, you usually think of famous people first. In my mind, the first person that I thought of was Bill Gates. Bill Gates is a famous and successful person. People see him as a symbol of success. Most people consider him to be very successful. My teacher describe's, â€Å"He is just a little bit smarter than the smart person.† People only like to talk about beautiful things. Nobody we talked about had been kicked out of school. They never thought about how difficult that person had work. If you are a Christian, you will believe Jesus Christ was very successful, because he washed our sins away with his blood. He was crucified by the Romans for us. But some people who are not Christians have a different view of Jesus Christ. They may consider him a loser. Because he was not rich, was not welcomed by other people, and claimed himself to be a god. But the meaning of his success is different than our meaning of success. The meaning of his success is that he died for our sins on the cross. For myself, success is getting respect from my friends. I don’t need to get rich to become successful. I don’t want my name to be memorable to other people. I just want to have a happy family and a loving wife of my own. That is my definition of success. People have their own definition of success. Some people think success is money, and some people think that success is fame....

Educational Autobiography Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Educational Autobiography - Article Example I had a lot of questions about school buses but I did not want to go to school. I just wanted to play. My mom told me I had to go to school. I walked into the bus the first day of kindergarten. There was this bus driver named Betty; she had long straight hair. I remember our class. It was a beautiful class. I remember when I was in elementary school when my mom was laid off work and my dad had to do two jobs to be able to sustain our family. Despite these challenges she would encourage me to study hard. I used to really admire my cousin Sam who was an engineer. His costumes during Halloween were always science inspired. He took me one day to see The Matrix. He really was my inspiration; he encouraged me to pursue science. One thing I cannot forget is my friend Jeff. Jeff was a great friend of mine who for some reason had the ambitions as I had. He was very intelligent and always gave me a challenge in my academic life. I am happy that he is currently taking computer science in college. To me, high school was the most crucial period of my academic life. It is the time during which I was able to decide the career field that I would pursue. I remember when I was called to the principal’s office; I was very scared. I thought maybe I had done something wrong. I was not mischievous but our principal had a voice that could really scare somebody. When I entered the office, he smiled at me and asked me to sit. After a few minutes it became clear that he only wanted to ask what career I was intending to pursue. I made a sigh of relief as I told him that my dream since I was little was always to become an engineer. After asking me particularly which field of engineering, I told him I wanted to pursue electrical engineering. He told me what a great a choice that was and gave me a few suggestions of colleges I should apply. Although none of them matched my preferences, I appreciated him and left his office knowing that there was someone who believed in

Chinese literature response 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chinese literature response 2 - Essay Example And still it turns out to be a psychological novel that can marvel any European novels of that time .The advantage of the novel in traditional Chinese literature was that, it only held a peripheral position in the literary system. Thus novelists could explore new themes with more freedom, from which the orthodox modes of writing shied away. â€Å"The story of the Stone† is a typical example of a novel exploring poetically the unorthodox themes, of romantic, passionate love and emotions in the Chinese classical literature. In its opening itself the novel introduces the main theme of passionate love. It begins by telling the reader about a magical stone that can move by its own, change size and can even talk. It was cast off from the heavens by the Goddess Nu-Wa who was repairing the sky with stones. This particular stone was the only excess one left when she finished her work. The stone had magical qualities because it had been touched by a Goddess. The magical stone was distained to be incarnated into a human being. As the stone waits for its future destiny, near a pond it falls in love with a flower. The theme of love is thus introduced at the very beginning of the novel. The stone gets incarnated as the minor noble man Jia Bao-yu of the influential Jia family, a cultured wealthy family in early Qing dynasty China. The flower gets incarnated as Lin Dai –yu who is related to the Jia family but is a commoner. The novel centers around these two teenagers, who though unaware of their heavenly ori gins, try to come to grips with the human destiny on earth through very ordinary daily events in their lives. The caricature of Jin-Bao-yu is interesting and unique. He is the heir to the family. He is handsome, but very impertinent. The heir of the family should get very high education and pass the civil service examinations. But he is a spoilt boy, spoiled by his grand mother. While all boys of his age study, he spends time in the women’s quarters enjoying the

U.S. Nuclear Weapons and Weapon Programs Essay Example for Free

U.S. Nuclear Weapons and Weapon Programs Essay Thesis Statement: Replacing the Stockpile Stewardship Program (SSP) with the Reliable Replacement Warhead Program (RRW) may alleviate existing issues concerning the long-term reliability, safety, security, and manufacturing of U. S. weapons. However, the RRW has been cancelled due to the overwhelming concern of long-term funds to maintain RRW and Democrats feel as though the RRW is not a proven technology (GlobalSecurity. org). However, the RRW should be used as a motive not to continue nuclear testing. Currently, the SSP consists of worn weapons that are costly to maintain and are subjected to underground testing (Boyer 303). Implementing the RRW will provide cost-efficient and reliable weapons that are manufactured to last with fewer obligations to nuclear underground testing. Implementing the RRW would be a good investment for this reason alone. Overall, replacing the SSP with the RRW will establish new cost-efficient weapons with less maintenance that are less prone to underground nuclear testing; provide state-of-the art technology to protect the U. S. from terrorist’s intrusions – such as hacking and unauthorized usage, and create an efficient method for securing the decreasing stockpile. 1) Long Term Reliability of U. S Weapons. The maintenance of refurbished weapons may become more complicated due to aging. The RRW addresses this issue by implementing new weapons that are cost-efficient and safe thus providing reliable and safe weapons for the U. S. According to the article, A New Nuclear Warhead, â€Å"The RRW is committed to the smallest nuclear stockpile consistent with our security; to safe, secure and reliable weapons; and to the current nuclear testing moratorium. † Refurbished weapons tend to need more maintenance and are subject to nuclear underground testing. 2) The Safety and Security of U. S. Weapons. The SSP may not be sufficient to meet future goals pertaining to the safety and security of U. S Weapons. In the article, Reliable Replacement Warhead, â€Å"RRW aims to make US nuclear weapons safer and more secure against unauthorized use by incorporating state-of-the-art security features that cannot be retrofitted to older weapons. The ultimate goal is to transition to a smaller, more responsive nuclear infrastructure that will enable future administrations to adjust the US nuclear stockpile as geopolitical conditions warrant. † (26) 3) Maintenance of Existing Weapons may become more expensive with the SSP. Refurbished weapons require more maintenance than newer weapons thus requiring additional funds to sustain current conditions of the weapons. According to the Department of Defense news release, Kenneth Krieg states that the implementation of the RRW will reduce stockpile size by permitting new weapons with less maintenance. Newer weapons will need less maintenance and in return will be less applicable to additional funding. Members of the Nuclear Weapons Council are confident that incorporating the RRW will permit a more positive and cost-effective infrastructure by employing improved computational and experimental tools to administer the technical base (U. S. Strategic Command 1). 4) Implementing the New RRW Plan. The RRW intends to implement newer U. S weapons with higher-performance ratings and advance safety and security features while providing a less expensive maintenance plan. After examining the article in Bulletin of Atomic Scientist, the RRW is aimed at accomplishing a more cost effective and efficient method of securing the decreasing stockpile to be more reliable and safe (Drell 48). Incorporating the RRW will provide the tools necessary to ensure that nuclear underground testing is less likely to be required for future designs (A Different Kind of Complex 1). Conclusion: Unfortunately, the RRW has been cancelled due to the overwhelming concerns of long-term funds to maintain RRW and Democrats feel as though the RRW is not a proven technology. However, the RRW should be used as a motive not to continue nuclear testing. Implementing the RRW will alleviate the SSP of existing issues concerning the long-term reliability, safety, security and manufacturing of U. S weapons that are less prone to underground nuclear testing. Overall, RRW will serve as a solution to the ongoing concerns of underground nuclear testing. Works Cited Arm Control Association. â€Å"A Different Kind of Complex: The Future of U. S. Weapons and the Nuclear Weapons Enterprise. †(1997-2009): 3 March 2009 http://www. armscontrol. org/print/3454 A New Nuclear Warhead. (Editorial Desk)(Letter to the editor). The New York Times. (30 Jan 2007): A20(L). Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library. 3 Mar. 2009 http://find. galegroup. com/ovrc/infomark. do? contentSet=IAC-Documentstype=retrievetabID=T004prodId=OVRCdocId=A158559391source=galeuserGroupName=uphoenixversion=1. 0 Boyer, Paul S. â€Å"Nuclear Weapons. † The Oxford Companion to the United States History. Oxford University Press. (2001): 303 Department of Defense news release. (2March 2007): Reliable Replacement Warhead Design Decision Announced http://find. galegroup. com/itx/start. do? prodId=ITOF Global Security for America. â€Å"U. S. Strategic Commands Supports RRW Strategy. † (2007) 2 March 2007 http://www. stratcom. mil/default. asp? page=newsarticle=14 GlobalSecuirty. org. â€Å"Weapons of Mass Destruction. Reliable Replacement Warhead. † (2009) 11 March 2009 http://www. globalsecurity. org/wmd/systems/rrw. htm Interavia Business and Technology. â€Å"Reliable Replacement Warhead. † (2007): 3 March 2009 http://find. galegroup. com/itx/start. do? prodId=ITOF

My Hike in Yosemite :: Autobiography, Personal Experience

The trip began when I took a small green pencil and signed by name on the release forms needed to hike in Yosemite National Park. I and nine of my friends left the ranger station that night with a neatly folded map and a felling of excitement to what lay ahead. The long drive to the park left us tired and in need of a good night’s sleep. We decided to stay in tent city like most hikers do before they set out for their trek. Tent city was a large subdivision of tents that resembled a community of houses. Each tent was perfectly uniformed in its appearance and made up a total of fifty tents. Before we went to bead, we studied our maps and made an itinerary to the amount of hiking we would do. The next day began with an alarm clock echoing in my ears at 6 a.m. Our first days hike started early and began with one of the most impressive features of the park. El Capitan is a giant slab of granite rock that towers thousands of feet above the valley floor. Like a skyscraper, the rock has a presence of amazement surrounding its every crevice and crack. After a few minutes of starring at the rock had passed, Eric the leader for that days hike shouted that it was time to go. Because the leader was in charge of the navigation and speed we traveled, he knew that we would not make our campsite if we did not continue. Time drugged along as the weight of a forty-pound pack full of food and water dug into to my bony shoulders. My pack seemed to be getting heaver as the day went on. My shoulders pulsed with pain from the thinly padded straps that connected to my pack. Four hours of this pain was all I could handle. I decided that this was enough I needed to stop. I shouted to Eric that I needed to take a break. He quickly turned around and said it was okay if we stopped. Because it was close to lunch everyone agreed and we all set down to eat lunch. Each one of us was caring five days worth of food for our trek. Every meal was neatly packed in a clear plastic bag and labeled for when it should be eaten. I opened up a package of peanut butter crackers from my lunch package and stared into the open field we had stopped in.

Standard Costing, Operational Performance Measures

CHAPTER 10 STANDARD COSTING, OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES 1. MANAGING COSTS 1. Standard-cost systems are used to help managers control the cost of operations. The system has three components: standard costs (i. e. , predetermined costs), actual costs, and the difference between the two figures (termed a variance). 2. A standard cost for each product cost category (materials, labor, and overhead) is calculated on a per-unit basis. ? This calculation considers the planned quantity of each input factor allowed (pounds, hours, etc. and the planned price for each input factor (price per pound, rate per hour, etc. ). The total planned cost is a mini, per-unit budgeted amount. †¢ After the actual costs are known, a report is generated that shows actual costs, planned costs, and related variances. A manager can examine the variance column quickly to ascertain which exceptions require attention. ? Following up on significant variances is called management by exception. Managers focus their efforts where they are most needed in the limited time available. 2. SETTING STANDARDS . Managers set standards by analyzing historical data. However, past data must be adjusted for expected changes in technology, the production process, inflation, and other similar factors. ? Managers also use task analysis to focus on how much a product should cost. †¢ Knowledgeable people such as engineers, purchasing agents, production supervisors, and accountants should be brought into the standard-setting process. Cross-functional teams are very useful here. 4. Two types of standards may be used: perfection standards and practical standards. Perfection (ideal) standards assume that production takes place in the ideal world: employees always work at peak performance, materials are never defective, and machines never break down. ? Although some managers feel that ideal standards give employees a goal to shoot for, many behavioral scientists believe that setting unattainable goals has a demotivating effect, as employees simply give up trying to reach the standard. ? Practical (attainable) standards are set high enough to encourage efficient and effective operations but not so high as to seem impossible. Behavioral scientists feel that practical standards have a more positive effect on the productivity of employees. ? Unlike variances computed with perfection standards, variances calculated when practical standards are employed tend to be more meaningful as they represent deviations from a realistic goal. †¢ Service firms also use standards. For example, McDonald's restaurants are noted for using standards, not only for quantities of material (amount of beef per burger) but also for the time allowed to serve customers at the drive-in window or counter. . VARIANCE ANALYSIS 5. Variance analysis involves calculating the actual amount of input used and comparing it to the budgeted amount of input that should have been used (i. e. , the standard cost allowed for actual output). The variance is then analyzed into its component parts. 6. Standards are established for: ? The amount of material required to produce a finished product (the standard material quantity). ? The anticipated delivered cost of materials (the standard material price). The number of hours normally needed to manufacture one unit of product (the standard direct-labor quantity). ? The estimated hourly cost of compensation (the standard labor rate). †¢ The following model can be used to calculate variances for direct materials (DM) and direct labor (DL): DM Price = (AQ Purchased x AP) – (AQ Purchased x SP) DM Quantity = (AQ Used x SP) – (SQ Used* x SP) DL Rate = (AQ x AP) – (AQ x SP) DL Efficiency = (AQ x SP) – (SQ* x SP) * Standard quantity for the actual production levelNotice that the price and rate variances use a similar approach, and the quantity and efficiency variances use a similar approach, with efficiency being another way to say â €Å"quantity of hours† allowed. †¢ Unfavorable variances arise when the actual cost per unit of input (e. g. , gallons, hours, etc. ) exceeds standard cost and when actual quantities used (e. g. , gallons, hours, etc. ) exceed standard quantities. The opposite situation gives rise to favorable variances. 4. VARIANCE INVESTIGATION 1.A manager does not have time to examine each variance; therefore, he or she must consider selected factors in deciding when an investigation should take place. The factors include one or more of the following: ? Size of the variance (in absolute and/or relative terms, such as $5,000 or 10% of standard cost) ? Frequency of occurrence ? An otherwise small variance may require investigation if it consistently occurs, as it may indicate an ongoing problem or an outdated standard. ? Trends ? Controllability (there is little point to investigate items over which managers have no control). Favorable variances ? A manager should investigate both favor able and unfavorable variances. A favorable variance with advertising expense, for instance, could lead to the conclusion that an insufficient amount is being spent on promotion, which could lead to a loss of customers. ? Costs and benefits (the decision to investigate involves a cost-benefit analysis, as a number of investigative costs are incurred). Some companies use a statistical approach to variance investigation by preparing a statistical control chart. These charts help to pinpoint random and nonrandom variances, with a statistically determined critical value being compared to a variance to determine whether an investigation is warranted. 5. BEHAVIORAL IMPACT OF STANDARD COSTING 1. Variances may be used to evaluate personnel, often with regard to salary increases, bonuses, and promotions. ? Such incentives can have positive and negative effects, as a bonus plan may prompt a manager to pursue actions that are not in the best interests of the organization. ? An example of detri mental behavior: A purchasing manager may purchase cheap material to create a favorable price variance.That material could be of poor quality, which might result in excess usage and problems with the finished product. 6. CONTROLLABILITY OF VARIANCES 2. It is rare that one person controls any event; however, it is often possible to identify the manager who is most able to influence a particular variance. These managers are often the following: ? Direct-material price variance—Purchasing manager ? Direct-material quantity variance—Production supervisor and/or production engineers ? Direct-labor rate variance—Production supervisor ? Direct-labor efficiency variance—Production supervisor . Variances often interact, making investigation and controllability difficult. For example, a labor efficiency variance may be caused by problems not only with labor but by problems with machinery and/or material. ? Managers sometimes trade-off variances, purposely incurring an unfavorable variance that is more than offset by favorable variances. 7. STANDARD COSTS AND PRODUCT COSTING 4. In a standard-cost system, costs flow through the same accounts in the general ledger as shown earlier in the text; however, they flow through at standard cost.In other words, Work-in-Process Inventory, Finished-Goods Inventory, and Cost of Goods Sold are carried at standard cost. 8. ADVANTAGES OF STANDARD COSTS 2. A standard-cost system has several advantages, as follows: ? Managers have a sensible comparison method at their disposal, one that looks at budgeted costs vs. actual costs at the actual level of output. ? Managers can practice management by exception. ? Variances provide a benchmark for performance evaluation and employee rewards. ? Standard costs provide a stable product cost.Actual costs may fluctuate erratically, whereas standard costs are changed only periodically. 9. CRITICISMS OF STANDARD COSTING IN TODAY'S MANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENT 3. Criticisms of st andard costing in advanced manufacturing settings include: ? Variances are too aggregated and arrive too late to be useful. Variances should focus on activities, specific product lines, or production batches. ? Variances focus too much on the cost and efficiency of labor, which is becoming a relatively unimportant factor of production. Standard costs rely on a stable production environment, and flexible manufacturing systems have reduced this stability, with frequent switching among a variety of products on the same manufacturing line. ? Standards focus too much on cost minimization and not enough on product quality, customer service, and other contemporary issues. 10. OPERATIONAL CONTROL MEASURES 5. Many companies now focus on an increased number of performance measures, many of which are nonfinancial in nature. Examples often include: ? Customer-acceptance measures such as customer complaints, warranty claims, and product returns. Delivery cycle time, or the average time between t he receipt of a customer order and the delivery of goods. ? Manufacturing cycle time, or the total production time per unit. ? Manufacturing cycle efficiency, or processing time divided by the sum of processing time, inspection time, waiting time, and move time. †¢ To judge how well or poorly a company is performing, many firms use benchmarking, which involves comparing existing performance levels against those of either other organizations or other units within the same organization. †¢

A Brief Biography of Fidel Castro - 1316 Words

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